摘要：This article elaborates on the analysis of common failures of CNC machine tools in English. The article is divided into four parts, focusing on mechanical failures, electrical failures, hydraulic and lubrication system failures, and programming and operation failures. Through detailed analysis and explanation, readers can better understand and identify the causes of common CNC machine tool failures.
1、Mechanical Failures
Mechanical failures are the most common failures in CNC machine tools. The mechanical failures mainly include excessive wear and deformation of machine tool components and inaccurate transmission. In terms of wear and deformation, components such as bearings, guides, and screws are easily worn out over time due to high-frequency use. This results in increased clearance and reduced accuracy. The transmission system includes gears, coupling, and ball screws. Due to frequent use, parts in the transmission system are susceptible to deformation and wear. It leads to a decrease in transmission accuracy and a reduction in the machine tools performance.
Another common mechanical failure is the thermal deformation of the machine tool. High-temperature exposure weakens the mechanical properties of the material, causes irreversible deformation of the structure, and reduces the machining accuracy of the CNC machine tool. Besides, excessive vibration or noise during machine tool operation can also damage the machine tool components and lead to mechanical failures.
2、Electrical Failures
Electrical failures mainly include circuit faults, servo system failures, and motor failures. A circuit fault refers to a problem with the power supply or control system, which can cause the machine tool to fail to start or abnormal operations. Servo system failures mainly occur in CNC machine tools that use servo motors. Common problems include position detection errors, excessive vibration or noise, and temperature abnormalities. Motor failures are characterized by the motor’s sudden power failure, vibration or noise, and inconsistent speed.
Another electrical failure that can occur is electromagnetic interference (EMI). EMI sources mainly come from the environment and peripheral equipment. Common causes of EMI include high-frequency devices such as welding machines and generators. When the CNC machine tool is exposed to EMI, the stability of the control system may be affected, leading to damage to the electrical system.
3、Hydraulic and Lubrication System Failures
Problems in the hydraulic or lubrication system can cause high operating temperatures, oil leakage, and even damage to machine components. Hydraulic failures are mainly caused by hydraulic pumps, valves, cylinders, and seals. These parts are prone to wear and aging caused by hydraulic fluid. Excessive pressure and inconsistent oil viscosity are also a factor that can cause hydraulic system failures.
Lubrication system failure refers to the situation where the lubricating oil cannot be circulated and distributed to machine tool components. Contamination of the oil, blockage of the lubrication system, and malfunction of the lubrication pump can cause serious damage to the machine tool.
4、Programming and Operation Failures
CNC machine tools require precise and accurate programming to ensure that the machine tool operates properly. Programming and operation failures may result in processing errors, excessive wear of the tool, and even serious damage to the machine tool.
Programming faults arise from incorrect input of data or program instructions. There may be errors in the tool path coordinates or incorrect tool selection. Operation failures refer to abnormalities in the feeding, cutting, and clamping systems. Common operation failures include improper operation methods and incorrect selection of tools or parameters. These failures can lead to damage to the workpiece and the machine tool.
总结：In summary, CNC machine tool failures are mainly divided into mechanical, electrical, hydraulic and lubrication system, and programming and operation failures. By understanding the cause of each failure type and its corresponding symptoms, maintenance personnel can quickly identify and address the issue. Regular maintenance and inspection of CNC machine tools can help to reduce the frequency of downtime and enhance the productivity of the machine.
