一、背景
1. 欧洲主权债务危机指的是由于欧元区几个成员国受到财政收支不平衡和债务扩张的影响，导致资本外流加剧，欧洲主权债务准备兑付的能力大大受到损害，从而引发债务危机。美国次贷危机引发了金融危机，强力推动了欧洲主权债务危机在欧洲发生。
2. 金融危机导致欧洲多个国家财政危机，许多欧元区国家的赤字率高达数百分之几，政府发行债券的利率也急剧攀升，从而严重降低了国家债务承担能力。有关国家大量支付偿还投资者和贷款机构持有的债券，高昂的利息支出和相应减少的财政收入，极大地增加了国际收支不平衡，欧元区成员国的外汇储备也承受着巨大压力，欧洲主权债务危机开始浮出水面，令世界各国陷入了深渊。
二、发展及标志性事件
1. 欧洲主权债务危机发展到了，受此影响，多国的经济增长受到瓶颈，失业率急剧上升。西班牙、希腊、意大利等欧元区国家担忧世界之财富已经转移至中高收入国家中产阶级，且财富的分布因此逐渐失衡。
2. 5月10日，第一轮国际援助完成时，欧洲联盟宣布，将为希腊提供110亿欧元信贷；同年7月21日，希腊获得第二轮欧盟援助，金额达到140亿欧元；2月20日，第三轮希腊援助达到130亿欧元，这些援助带来了希腊经济提振，且有效稳定了欧元区国家市场。
三、对策
1. 欧洲主权债务危机下亟需改革，包括财政、结构和货币政策等，虽然有不同国家实施的相关政策，但是控制赤字的重点应放在削减高消耗，减轻公共债务负担：优化税收结构，发挥市场机制作用，深化改革，推动国家规模减小，控制公共支出；实行劳动力市场改革，促进就业和收入均衡，消除非正规就业及提高国民收入水平。
2. 此外，欧洲各国应通过在欧洲民族间重新建立信任，以及加强政治稳定，防止可能的普遍动乱，确保欧洲经济的可持续发展。同时，国际社会应加强合作，实现共同发展，为缓解欧洲主权债务危机营造良好的环境。
四、结论
欧洲主权债务危机已发展至今，影响着欧洲及全球经济发展。欧洲国家在确保自身经济稳定发展的同时，也应用谨慎、预见性的外交和财政政策，致力于维护世界财富的平衡，以及确保欧元区及欧洲国家的可持续发展和繁荣。
1. Introduction
Europes Sovereign debt crisis is a term used to refer to a variety of financial problems in European countries, including challenges concerning large government debts in countries such as Greece and Italy, as well as associated issues caused by the Euro currency. The crisis began in and has affected the European Union (EU) in a variety of ways. As a result, the dangers are still present and many have yet to be fully resolved.
2. Causes
The Euro, the currency shared by most EU countries, is partly responsible for the crisis due to its supplanting of the formerly national currencies. Problems beyond just the change of currency arose due to the use of an overseas government currency. The Euros utility to the EU rests in its ability to facilitate and promote trade of goods and services, which is providing a more unified market and raising the income of all nations. However, with this, problems developed. Since transfer of money among countries was overly easy in the EU, governments began taking out unsustainable loans, some of which were in the billions of Euros.
3. Greece
Greece was one of the countries disproportionately affected due to its governmental debt issues, with its public debt reaching a level of around 180% of its GDP. In response, the other EU countries provided bailed out Greece with financial assistance through a variety of loan programs.
4. Impact
One of the most immediately noticeable effects of the sovereign debt crisis was the rise in borrowing costs for affected countries. This had brought long-term implications for their economic stability, as the governments and business had to pay more for their loans. This rise in borrowing costs had led to an increase in taxes, which reduced consumer and business spending, leading to economic contraction in the countries. In addition, another impact of the crisis was the creation of unemployment, which rose drastically between and .
5. European Central Bank
In order to prevent further economic and financial issues due to the crisis, the European Central Bank (ECB) was created in to provide a unified monetary policy and act as a lender of last resort to troubled countries in the EU. The ECBs policy includes the provision of funds to troubled countries in order to stabilize their economies by providing monetary stability and keeping inflation under control.
6.
In , the ECB took another approach to trying to counteract the crisis. It began reinvesting profits from bonds that had previously been sold, thus affirming the stability of the Euro and helping to further decrease government debt interest rates.
7. Conclusion
The sovereign debt crisis caused a significant impact on the EU economy, leading to decreased economic growth, unemployment, and the restructuring of public debt. Despite the aid the ECB have provided, the issue is still ongoing and its resolution is still uncertain. It is us to continue to monitor and prepare for the effects of this ongoing crisis.
