一、过去完成时
一件事发生在过去，而另外一件事先于他发生(即表示“过去的过去”)，那么发生在前的事情的动词需用过去完成时。时间状语可用for等介词短语或时间状语从句来表示。也可通过上下文语境来表示。
如:
He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.
他说他在国外待了3年。
When I woke up,it had already stopped raining
我醒来时雨已经停了。
2.表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有;by then,by that time, until then,bythe end of ,before 2000,by the time+过去时的句子等。
如:
By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from thespaceship.
到昨晚9 点钟为止，我们已经收到200张宇宙飞船发来的图片。
He had worked in that factory by the end of .
到年底为止他在那家工厂工作。
Until then he had known nothing about it yet
.到那时为止，他对此仍一无所知。
3.在Hardly/Scarcely Barely..when...和No sooner..than...句型中,when和than从句用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚刚......就…”.
如:Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.
我们才刚刚发动车,汽车的轮胎就瘪了。
No sooner had I got home than the rain poured down.
我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。
4.It was/had been+一段时间+since 从句。since从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。
如:It was 10 years since we had had such a wondeful time.
我们有没这么高兴了。
5.That/It/This was the first/ second..time.+that从句。that 从句的谓语动词要用过去完成时。
如:
It was the third time( that)he had made the same mistake.
这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。
That was the first time that I had passed the exam.
那是我第一次通过考试。
6.表示愿望、打算一类的词，如hope,expect, mean ,intend,want等,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
二、现在完成进行时
1.表示动作发生在过去并一直持续到现在，这个动作还有可能继续进行下去，也有可能刚停止，常和延续性动词连用,常和时间状语since等连用。
I have been learning Engich for 5years.
我学习英语已经5年了。(从5年前开始学英语，现在还在学)
Sorry! I am late. How long have you been waiting for me?对不起!我迟到了。你(们)等了我多久?
(“等这个动作到说话时刚刚结束)
2.表示到现在为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作，常带有感情色彩。
He has been saying that twenty times.
那句话他已经说二十遍了。
