(一)基础讲解
英语词的构成有一定的规律,这种规律称为构词法。掌握构词法对在文本中,理解、猜测新词、难词、怪词的词义有很大的帮助。在扩展词汇量的过程中,能起到“倍增器”的效果。常见的构词法有:转化法、合成法、派生法、截头法、去尾法、混成法等。在应用中,以前三种方法是用最广泛。
转化法
转化就是在词形不变的情况下,一个单词有一种词性转换为另一种词性。转换后的词义一般与原意有密切关系,但有时差异很大。对于双音节词转换后,读音也常常发变化。转化法一般有如下几种情况:
⑴动词转名词
Look v. 看 → n. 相貌
⑵名词转动词
Air n. 空气 → v. 通风
⑶形容词转动词
Empty a. 空的 → v. 倒空
⑷形容词转名词
Right a. 右边的 → n. 右侧
⑸形容词转副词
Long a.长的 → ad. 长地
合成法
合成法就是将两个或两个以上的词合成的一个新词。合成词各个成分之间有的要用连字符连接,有的直接连在一起。
⑴合成名词
Weekend(周末) software(软件)network(网络)
⑵合成形容词
Large-scale(大规模的) face-to-face(面对面的) sugar-free(无糖的)
⑶合成动词
Overthrow(推翻) heat-treat(热加工)undergo(经历)
派生法
派生法是在一个词根的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词。加在前面的叫前缀,加在后面的词缀叫做后缀。
前缀多引起词义的变化而不改变词性。后缀对词性、词义都可能有影响。
例如: dis agree ment (不同意 n .)
前缀 词根 后缀
4、截短法(缩略法)
截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
⑴截头
telephone→phone
aeroplane→plane
omnibus→bus
⑵去尾
mathematics→maths
co-operate→co-op
examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
⑶截头去尾
influenza→flu
refrigerator→fridge
prescription→script
5、混合法(混成法)
混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast→newscast新闻广播
television broadcast→telecast电视播送
smoke and fog→smog烟雾
helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
6、首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。
very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人;大人物
television→TV (读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
(二)[基础过关]
1. There were ________fish in the river in South America.
A. in dangerB. danger
C. dangerousD. dangerless
答案:C
解析:空白为表语,需填如形容词,D项单词不存在,故选C
2. The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.
A. sound B. silent
C. silence D. sounded
答案:D
解析:空白为表语,需填入形容词。D与句意不符,故选C
3. The child looked at me________.
A. strangerB. strangely
C. strangeD. strangeless
答案:B
解析:空白为状语,需填入副词。
4.The black people were against slavery and fought for their ________ bravely.
A. freeB. freely
C. freedomD. frees
答案:B
解析:空白处为修饰Bravely的副词,故选B。
5. What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.
A. reasonableB. reasonful
C. reasonlessD. unreason
答案:A
解析:A项为有道理的,符合句意。
6. Stephenson became the ________ railway engineer in the world.
A. lead B. leaderC. leadingD. leadership
答案:C
解析:空白处为定语修饰railway engineer,需用形容词。故选C。
7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem,Jack looked ________about at his classmates.
A. proudB. proudlyC. prideD. pridely
答案:B
解析:-ly为副词结尾,D项不存在。
8.To everyone’s ________,the girl finished the job quite well.
A. satisfiedB. satisfactory
C. satisfyingD. satisfaction
答案:D
解析:空白在所有格后,应为名词,故选D。
9. No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.
A. permit B. permission
C. permittingD. permittence
答案:B
解析:B项为许可的名词形式,符合句意。
10. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It’s of great ________.
A. valuableB. value
C. valuelessD. unvaluable
答案:B
解析:of结构后需加名词。A、C、D均不为名词。选B。
(三)[能力提高]
1. We have to learn ________technology from other countries.
A. advanceB. advancing
C. advantageD. advanced
答案:D
解析:空白处为定语,修饰technology,技术是被先进的,故用-ed,选D。
2. The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.
A. nearbyB. near
C. nearlyD. near by
答案:A
解析:空白为状语,C项词义是接近,而不是附近,故选A。
3.Mr Black is an ________in the army,not an ________in the government. You can not easily find him in his________.
A. official;officer;office
B. officer;office;official
C. official;official;official
D. officer;official;office
答案:B
解析:三个空白分别应填入军官、官员、办公室。故选B。
4.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.
A. health B. healthy
C. healthilyD. healthier
答案:C
解析:空白处为表语,应填入形容词,又没有比较,故用原级,选C。
5.________ speaking,I didn’t do it on purpose.
A. HonestlyB. HonestC. HonestyD. Dishonest
答案:A
解析:空白为状语,应填入副词,选A。
6. The ________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
A. judger B. judgment
C. judgeD. judgement
答案:C
解析:judge为法官的意思,A项不存在,故选C。
7. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the ________news about Iraq War?
A. latelyB. latest
C. laterD. latter
答案:B
解析:B项表示最新的,其余词义与句意不符。
8.To my ________,I passed the exam easily.
A. joyB. joyful
C. joylessD. joyness
答案:A
解析:所有格后应接名词,B、C、D均不是名词,故选A。