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经济学人|精读:金融犯罪——免税地域(下)

时间:2020-03-30 06:05:57

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经济学人|精读:金融犯罪——免税地域(下)

原文

06

Until now the biggest user of such summonses in tax cases has been America, which, for instance, used the procedure in to prise open Swiss bank secrecy. That resulted in UBS handing over the names of around 4,500 account-holders. ①In April the tables were turned when a request from Finland prompted America’s Internal Revenue Service to petition a federal court in North Carolina for leave to serve John Doe summonses on three banks in America. ②Heavy use at Finnish ATMs of payment cards issued by the banks, and linked to American accounts, had led the Finnish tax authority to conclude that they were being used by Finnish taxpayers who had hidden untaxed income across the Atlantic. The court has since granted approval.

笔记06

① the tables were turned局势(形势)已经扭转。文中指,以前是美国频繁启动相关程序要求其他国家银行给出相关信息。但现在不再是这样:其他国家开始使用John Doe传票,要求美国配合其追税调查—提供相关账户信息。呼应前文的从aggressor变为on the defensive。

② 长句交代了芬兰追税案的背景

prise .vt.撬动,捕获。prise open打开,撑开

secrecy .n.秘密,保密,保密能力

petition .vt.向…请愿(祈求);vi.请愿,请求(for a thing to);n.请愿书,诉状,请愿,申请

leave .n.许可,同意(文中for leave用的即为此词义,许可);告假,休假;(旧词新意)

serve John Doe summonses 发送John Doe传票(serve的词义较多,这里理解为“发送,送”比较合适)

译文:到目前为止,这种传票在税务案件中的最大用户是美国。例如,美国启动该程序以打开瑞士银行保密协议。这迫使瑞士银行交出了大约4500名账户持有人的姓名。今年4月份,形式出现了扭转—芬兰提出的一项请求促使美国国家税务局向北卡罗来纳州联邦法院提出请求,以获得在三家美国银行送达John Doe传票的许可。在芬兰ATM取款机上大量使用银行发行且与美国账户挂钩的支付卡,这让芬兰税务机关得出结论:这些银行卡正被芬兰纳税人使用,他们将未完税的收入藏在大西洋彼岸。此后,法院批准了请求。

07

Other countries suffering tax leakage will be looking more closely at this procedure. ①Any of the 90 with a ratified bilateral tax treaty with America can use it, though some seem unaware of the option. (②By contrast, America has agreed to exchange information with only 47 countries under FATCA.) Experts say it could help to break open not only dodgy bank accounts but also trusts and insurance policies, which are also commonly used to hide capital.

笔记07

① 目前,虽有90个国家与美国签署了双边税务条约,但是真正使用该条约来了解本国公民在美国所获得收入的国家较少。本次芬兰追税案中,若不是那几张银行卡多次使用,芬兰税务总局也不会想起使用该条例调查本国居民隐藏在海外的收入。

② 对比下,FATCA法案的相关要求比双边税务条约的更利于美国进行税务管理。

leakage .n.漏出,漏损,泄露

ratify .vt.批准,认可;追认(ratified,ratifying)

bilateral .adj.双方的,双边的,两侧的;【动,植】两侧[左右]对称|unilateral,多边的

treaty .n.(国家间的)条约,协定;(个人间的)约定,协定,交涉

in treaty with和…交涉中

dodgy .adj.躲避的,不可靠的,推脱的;巧妙的

insurance policy保险单

break open打破,砸开(较为暴力的方式),和prise open同意思

译文:其他正遭受着漏税的国家将会更密切地关注这一程序。与美国签订了双边税务条约的90个国家中的人一个国家都可以启动该程序,尽管有些国家似乎还没有意识到这个选项。(对比下,美国只同意在FATCA法案下和47个国家交换信息)。专家们表示,这不仅有助于打破不可靠的银行账户,而且有助于打破常用于隐藏资本的信托和保险单。

08

There could still be obstacles, for instance if an account is owned by an entity rather than an individual. But banks issued with a summons are required to investigate who stands behind account-holding shell companies. Due-diligence rules① designed to curb money-laundering and the financing of terrorism, issued by FinCEN, a federal agency, already require banks to know the identity of such “beneficial” owners (though not all seem to do so). A shell-cracking bill②picking up momentum③as it passes through Congress would also help improve corporate transparency.

笔记08

首句交代了这种传票也存在局限性。第三句指明美国发布的“尽职调查规则”某种程度上是该局限性的一种解决办法。尾句说明了美国通过的“破壳法案”的意义所在。

① Designed…terrorism及issued…FinCEN后置定语,修饰Due-diligence rules

② picking up momentum 修饰 shell-cracking bill

③ as引导原因状语从句,“由于通过法案”,但文中翻译时,未将这一层关系翻译出

account-holding持有账户的

shell company空壳公司

Due-diligence rule尽职调查原则

money-laundering洗钱

FinCEN(the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network)美国金融犯罪执法网络

transparency .n.透明度,透明性|transparent.adj

译文:例如,如果账户由一个实体所持有而非个人时,这种程序仍会存在障碍。但持有传票的银行必须调查持有账户的空壳公司的幕后主使。联邦机构FinCEN发布的旨在遏制洗钱和资助恐怖主义的尽职调查规则已经要求这些银行了解这些受益者的身份(虽然不是所有银行都这么做)。国会通过的“破壳法案”拾起了势头,也将有助于提高公司的透明度。

09

If more countries take the John Doe route, it would help balance the unequal relationship America enjoys in matters of financial transparency. ① For too long it has got away with demanding much while offering little in return. Tax dodgers stashing cash in America, says Mark Morris, an international tax consultant, should “prepare to be smacked open like a piñata”.

笔记09

一二句直接写出,长期以来美国在金融透明度问题上处于受益方。

① 这一句翻译有点不对~

get away with侥幸逃脱

dodger .n.躲避者,推脱者

consultant .n.(受人咨询的)顾问,会诊医生;求教者

smack .vi.拍,打smacked open砸开

Piñata中文译名皮纳塔,是墨西哥文化的一部分,是用纸做的玩偶,里面装满玩具和糖果。在节日和排队上,通常被悬挂起来,人们拿着棍子蒙上眼睛原地转三圈后打破皮纳塔,里面的东西会洒落一地。在《寻梦环游记》中,有很多皮纳塔的身影哦。而在这里是指,避税人会像皮纳塔一样被打击得却毫无还击之力。

译文:如果更多国家走John Doe路线,这将有助于平衡美国在金融透明度问题上所享有的不平等关系。长期以来,美国侥幸得到很多,却没有给出多少回报。国际税务顾问说,在美国隐藏资金的避税者,应该“准备被打得落花流水”。

END

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