11.直接引语和间接引语

直接引语

一字不改的陈述别人的话，叫直接引语

“Why don’t we go shopping" Amy said

第三方进行转述

Amy asked me why don’t we go shoppingHe said that he was busy

间接引语

说话人用自己的花转述别人的话，叫间接引语

如say，ask , declare引导间接引语

he tells me he is very busy

直接引语为间接引语的规则

动作为现在或将来，间接引语时态不变 He says ,“I am tired”He says he is tired 引诉动词为现在完成时，间接引语动词为过去完成时 he said,“I’ve moved to another flat”he said that he had moved to another flat 引诉动词为一般过去时，间接引语动词为过去完成时，当然不排除仍用一般过去时 ”I moved to another flat" she saidshe said she moved to another flat 现在进行时，间接引语过去进行时 she said,“he is waiting”she said he was waiting 过去进行和过去完成时，间接引语为过去完成进行时或不变直接引语为一般将来时，间接引语为过去将来时 “where are you going” he askedhe asked where we were going 情态动词一般现在时，间接引语中情态动词一般过去时，shall/will->would等 “I will see you later" he saidHe said he would see me later must指过去时，可以不变，如表达必须，间接引语”had to"间接引语为普遍真理，主句谓语是过去时，变成间接引语时，引语部分时态不变

间接为直接的人称变化

代词 I->she/he,me/you->him/her/I/we,my-his/her,we-they,us-them,our-their,mine-his/hers,ours-theirs,myself-himself/herself 时间 now-then,age-before,today-that day,tomorrow-the next day,yesterday-the day before, last night-the night before 地点 here-there, this place-that place,these places-those places

直接引语为特殊疑问句，间接引语使用特殊疑问词

want to know, ask, see,say 等可以接人称宾语，但是inquire 不跟人称宾语

直接引语为选择疑问句，变间接用whether。。or。。

she asked me whether I wanted tea or coffee

一般疑问句子，间接引语用if或whether

“Have you been abroad" she askedshe asked if/whether we had been abroad

not的句子变间接 not to

”Don’t make so much noise"she said to the childrenshe told the children not to make so much noise

insist suggest 不能用于名词+不定式的结构，后跟that+should+动词原形

“you really must stay and have lunch” he saidhe insisted that I should stay to have lunch