本文由百鸣英语张谦老师提供,主要针对直接引语和间接引语在实际中的运用进行讲解、说明,以供老师们参考、教学之用,同时欢迎各位老师积极提出宝贵建议。
内容概览在英语中,引述某人的话一般采用两种形式:一种是直接引语(Direct Speech),即原封不动地引用别人的原话,直接引语一般放在引号内;另一种是间接引语(Indirect Speech),即用自己的话加以转述别人的话。间接引语前后不加引号,多数情况下是构成宾语从句。在将直接引语改为间接引语时,人称、时态、指示代词和时间状语、地点状语等方面也要做相应的变化。一、陈述句
【基本形式】
直接引语格式为:主语+谓语动词(+间接宾语),+“陈述句”或“陈述句”+主语+谓语动词(+间接宾语)。
间接引语格式为:主语+谓语动词(+间接宾语)+宾语从句。
【变化规则】
直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时,在多数情况下都构成一个由that引导的宾语从句,引述动词通常是say, tell等。例如:
① The foreigner said to me, “I like Beijing very much.”那老外对我说:“我很喜欢北京。”
→ The foreigner told me that he /she liked Beijing very much. 那老外告诉我说他(她)很喜欢北京。
②She said to me, "I"m studying Japanese these days." 她对我说,“这几天我正在学习日语。”
→She told me(that) she was studying Japanese those days.她告诉我她这几天正在学日语。
③Tom said, "I"ve reviewed my lessons." 汤姆说,“我在复习功课。”
→Tom said that he had reviewed his lessons. 汤姆说他已经复习了他的功课。
【特别提醒】
有时由陈述句改成的间接引语也不用引导词(即可省去that)。例如:
“I’ll go over the grammar lesson once again,” he said. “我会在复习一遍语法,”他说。
→He said he would go over the grammar lesson once again. 他说他将要把语法再复习一遍。(that 可省略)
二、一般疑问句
【基本形式】
直接引语格式为:主语+谓语动词(+间接宾语),+“一般疑问句”或“一般疑问句”+主语+谓语动词(+间接宾语)。
间接引语格式为:主语+谓语动词(+间接宾语)+宾语从句。
【变化规则】
在将一般疑问句改为间接引语时,往往要用陈述语序,并要加连词if 或 whether,其主句动词常用ask、wonder、want to know、didn’t know等。句末不用问号。例如:
①The teacher said to me, “Is it easy to learn English?”老师问我:“英语容易学吗?”
→The teacher asked me whether/if it was easy to learn English. 老师问我英语是否容易学。
②My teacher asked me, “Do you like American country music?” 我的老师问我:“你喜欢美国乡村音乐吗?”
→My teacher asked me if/whether I like American country music. 老师问我是否喜欢美国乡村音乐。
③“You haven’t been to Beijing, haven’t you?” he asked. “你没有去过北京,是不是?”他问。
→He asked me if/whether I had been to Beijing. 他问我是否去过北京。
【思维拓展】
如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时,用whether…or not连接。例如:
①He asked me, "Will you go abroad or stay in Beijing?"他问我:“你出国或还是呆在北京?
→He asked me whether I would go abroad or stay in Beijing.他问我是出国呢还是呆在北京。
②Shesaid,“Don’tyouknowmytelephonenumber?”
→She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not. 她问我是否知道她的电话号码。
③“Do you like this one or that one?” Tom asked.
→ Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one. 汤姆问我喜欢这个还是那个。
三、特殊疑问句
【基本形式】
直接引语格式为:主语+谓语动词(+间接宾语),+“特殊疑问句”或“特殊疑问句”+主+谓语动词(+间接宾语)。
间接引语格式为:主语+谓语动词(+间接宾语)+宾语从句。
【变化规则】
当直接引语为特殊疑问句时,间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引导宾语从句的引导词,注意从句必须用陈述语序,主句谓语动词通常用ask。例如:
①He asked, “How do you like it?” 他问:“你觉得怎样?”
→ He asked me how I liked it. 他问我觉得它怎样。
②He asked, "what size dress do you wear?"
→He asked what size dress I (you) wore .他问我穿什么型号的。
③He asked,"which one do you like best?"
→He asked which one you(I)liked best.他问我最喜欢哪一个。
【思维拓展】
英语中有些疑问句并非提出疑问,而是表示请求、劝告、建议等。在将这种疑问句变为间接引语时,往往采用suggest doing、advise sb to do等句式的形式。例如:
①“What about having a drink?” he asked. 他问:“喝杯怎么样?”
→ He suggested having a drink. 他建议喝一杯。
②"Shall we meet at the theatre?" he said
→He suggested that we should meet at the theatre.
→(He suggested our meeting at the theatre).
他建议我们在电影院见面。
③Tom said, "I"ve reviewed my lessons." 汤姆说,“我在复习功课。”
→Tom said that he had reviewed his lessons. 汤姆说他已经复习了他的功课。
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